![]() Convergence in commonly applied 2D staged models is controlled by boundary displacement or internal pressure relaxation. ![]() The applicability of 2D finite element analysis or analytical convergence confinement solutions to staged support installation depend on the application of an assumed or validated longitudinal displacement profile. In spite of the gradual development of three-dimensional analysis packages utilizing finite element models or finite difference algorithms for stress–strain calculations, two-dimensional (2D) analysis is still used as the primary engineering tool for practical analysis of tunnel behavior and tunnel support performance for design-particularly at the preliminary stage of a project. ![]() Appropriate Uses and Practical Limitations of 2D Numerical Analysis of Tunnels and Tunnel Support Response Appropriate Uses and Practical Limitations of 2D Numerical Analysis of Tunnels and Tunnel Support.
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